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The Book of Enoch also 1 Enoch ; [note 1] Ge'ez : መጽሐፈ ሄኖክmaṣḥafa hēnok is an ancient Hebrew apocalyptic religious text, ascribed by tradition to Enochthe great-grandfather of Noah.
The older sections mainly in the Book of the Watchers of the text are estimated to date from about — BC, and the latest part Book of Parables probably to BC. Various Aramaic fragments found in book names in essays Dead Sea Book names in essaysas well as Koine Greek and Latin fragments, are proof that the Book of Enoch was known by Jews and early Near Eastern Christians.
This book was also quoted by some 1st and 2nd century authors as in the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs. Authors of the New Testament were also familiar with some content of the story. Several copies of the earlier sections of 1 Enoch were preserved among the Dead Sea Scrolls.
It is not part of the biblical canon used by Jewsapart from Beta Israel Ethiopian Jews. While the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church consider the Book of Enoch as canonicalother Christian groups regard it as non-canonical or non-inspired, book names in essays, but may accept it as having some historical or theological interest.
It is today wholly extant only in the Ethiopian Ge'ez language, with earlier Aramaic fragments from the Dead Sea Scrolls and a few Greek and Latin fragments. For this and other reasons, the traditional Ethiopian belief book names in essays that the original language of the work was Ge'ez, whereas modern scholars argue that it was first written in either Aramaic or Hebrewthe languages first used for Jewish texts; Ephraim Isaac suggests that the Book of Enoch, like the Book of Danielwas composed partially in Aramaic and partially in Hebrew.
The book itself asserts that its author was Enoch, before the biblical flood. The most complete Book of Enoch comes from Ethiopic manuscripts, maṣḥafa hēnok መጽሐፈ ሄኖክwritten in Ge'ez, which were brought to Europe by James Bruce in the book names in essays 18th century and were translated into English book names in essays the 19th century. The first part of the Book of Enoch describes the fall of the Watchersthe angels who fathered the angel-human hybrids called Nephilim.
The book consists of five quite distinct major sections see each section for details : [1]. Most scholars believe that these five sections were originally independent works [6] with different dates of compositionthemselves a product of much editorial arrangement, and were only later redacted into what is now called 1 Enoch. Although evidently widely known during the development of the Hebrew Bible canon1 Enoch was excluded from both the formal canon of the Tanakh and the typical canon of the Septuagint and therefore, also from the writings known today as the Deuterocanon.
By the 4th century, the Book of Enoch was mostly excluded from Christian biblical canonsand it is now regarded as scripture only by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church. And Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied of these, saying, Behold, the Lord cometh with ten thousands of his saints, To execute judgment upon all, and to convict all that are ungodly among them of all their ungodly deeds which they have book names in essays committed, and of all their hard speeches which ungodly sinners have spoken against him, book names in essays.
And behold! He cometh with ten thousands of His Saints To execute judgment upon all, And to destroy all the ungodly: And to convict all flesh Of all the works of their ungodliness which they have ungodly committed, book names in essays, And of all the hard things which ungodly sinners have spoken against Him. Here the Septuagint diverges wholly. The writer of 1—5 therefore used the Hebrew text and presumably wrote in Hebrew.
The Lord came from Sinai and dawned from Seir upon us; he shone forth from Mount Paran; he came from the ten thousands of Saints, with flaming fire at his right hand. Under the heading of canonicity, it is not enough to merely demonstrate that something is quoted. Instead, it is necessary to demonstrate the nature of the quotation. However, there remains a question as to whether the author of Jude attributed the quotation believing the source to be the historical Enoch before the flood or a midrash of Deut —3.
Peter H. Davids points to Dead Sea Scrolls evidence but leaves it open as to whether Jude viewed 1 Enoch as canon, deuterocanon, or otherwise: "Did Jude, then, consider this scripture to be like Genesis or Isaiah? Certainly he did consider it authoritative, a true word from God. We cannot tell whether he ranked it alongside other prophetic books such as Isaiah and Jeremiah. What we book names in essays know is, first, that other Jewish groups, most notably those living in Qumran near the Dead Sea, also used and valued 1 Enoch, but we do not find it grouped with the scriptural scrolls.
The attribution "Enoch the Seventh from Adam" is apparently itself a section heading taken from 1 Enoch 1 EnJude a and not from Genesis. It has also been alleged that the First Epistle of Peter 1Peter —20 and the Second Epistle of Peter 2Peter —5 make reference to some Enochian material.
In the Epistle to the Hebrews Hebrews Enoch is referred to directly, and that he received testimony is mentioned, which may allude to his book.
The Book of Enoch was considered as scripture in the Epistle of Barnabas [28] and by many of the early Church Fathersbook names in essays, such as Athenagoras[29] Clement of Alexandria[30] Irenaeus [31] and Tertullian[32] who wrote c. The belief of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, which sees 1 Enoch as an inspired document, is that the Ethiopic text is the original one, written by Enoch himself.
They believe that the following opening sentence of Enoch is the first and oldest sentence written in any human language, since Enoch was the first to write letters:. The Church of Jesus Christ of Book names in essays Saints LDS Churchthe largest denomination within the Latter Day Saint movementdoes not consider 1 Enoch to be part of its standard canonalthough it believes that a purported "original" Book of Enoch was an inspired book.
This section has many book names in essays to 1 Enoch and other Enoch texts, including 2 Enoch3 Enochand The Book of Giants. The LDS Church would therefore consider the portions of the other texts which match its Enoch excerpts to be inspired, while not rejecting but withholding judgment on the remainder. The most extensive surviving witnesses to the Book of Enoch exist in the Ge'ez language. Robert Henry Charles 's critical edition of subdivides the Ethiopic manuscripts into two families:.
Family α : thought to be more ancient and more similar to the earlier Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek versions:. Additionally, there are the manuscripts [ which?
Eleven Aramaic -language fragments of the Book of Enoch were found in cave 4 of Qumran in [40] and are in the care of the Israel Antiquities Authority. They were translated for and discussed by Józef Milik and Matthew Black in The Books of Enoch. It was also partly damaged, with the ink blurred and faint.
Also at Qumran cave 1 have been discovered three tiny fragments in Hebrew —, The 8th-century work Chronographia Universalis by the Byzantine historian George Syncellus preserved some passages of the Book of Enoch in Greek —, — Other Greek fragments known are:. It has been claimed that several small additional fragments in Greek have been found at Qumran 7QEnoch: 7Q4, 7Q8, 7Qdating about BC, ranging from ? to [43] and written on papyrus with grid lines, but this identification is highly contested.
Of the Latin translation, book names in essays and —18 are known. The first passage occurs in Pseudo-Cyprian and Pseudo-Vigilius; [44] the second was discovered in by M. James in an 8th-century manuscript in the British Museum and published in the same year. The publication by Milik [41] of the results of the paleographic dating of the Enochic fragments found in Qumran made a breakthrough.
According to this scholar, who studied the original scrolls for many years, the oldest fragments of the Book of Watchers are dated to — BC. Since the Book of Watchers shows evidence of multiple stages of composition, it is probable that this work was extant already in the 3rd century BC. It was no longer possible to claim that the core of the Book of Enoch was composed in the wake of the Maccabean Revolt as a reaction to Hellenization.
Some scholars speak even of an "Enochic Judaism" from which the writers of Qumran scrolls were descended, book names in essays. Most Qumran fragments are relatively early, with none written from the last period of the Qumranic experience. Thus, it is probable that the Qumran community gradually lost interest in the Book names in essays of Enoch. The relation between 1 Enoch and the Essenes was noted even before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
The main peculiar aspects of the not-Qumranic units of 1 Enoch are the following:, book names in essays. Classical rabbinic literature is characterized by near silence concerning Enoch, book names in essays.
It seems plausible that rabbinic polemics against Enochic texts and traditions might have led to the loss book names in essays these books to Rabbinic Judaism. The Book of Enoch plays an important role in the history of Jewish mysticism : the scholar Gershom Scholem wrote, "The main subjects of the later Merkabah mysticism already occupy a central position in the older esoteric literature, best represented by the Book of Enoch.
For the quotation from the Book of Watchers in the New Testament Epistle of Jude :. There is little doubt that 1 Enoch was influential in molding New Testament doctrines about the Messiahthe Son of Manthe messianic kingdomdemonologythe resurrectionand eschatology. Charles, [58] Ephraim Isaac, [5] and G. Nickelsburg [59] in their respective translations and commentaries. It is possible that the earlier sections of 1 Enoch had direct textual and content influence on many Biblical apocryphasuch as Jubilees2 Baruch2 EsdrasApocalypse of Abraham and 2 Enochthough even in these cases, the connection is typically more branches of a common trunk than direct development.
The Greek text was known to, and quoted, both positively and negatively, by many Church Fathers : references can be found in Justin MartyrMinucius FelixIrenaeusOrigenCyprianHippolytusCommodianusLactantius and Cassian. Sir Walter Raleighin his History of the World written in while imprisoned in the Tower of Londonmakes the curious assertion that part of the Book of Enoch "which contained the course of the stars, their book names in essays and motions" had been discovered in Saba Sheba in the first century and was thus available to Origen and Tertullian.
He attributes this information to Origen, [63] although no such statement is found anywhere in extant versions of Origen. Outside of Ethiopiathe text of the Book of Enoch was considered lost until the beginning of the seventeenth century, when it was confidently asserted that the book book names in essays found in an Ethiopic Ge'ez language translation there, and Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc bought a book that was claimed to be identical to the one quoted by the Epistle of Jude and the Church Fathers.
Hiob Ludolfthe great Ethiopic scholar of the 17th and 18th centuries, soon claimed it to be a forgery produced by Abba Bahaila Michael. Better success was achieved by the famous Scottish traveller James Brucewho, inreturned to Europe from six years in Abyssinia with three copies of a Ge'ez version. The copies remained unused until the 19th century; Silvestre de Sacyin "Notices sur le livre d'Enoch", [67] included extracts of the books with Latin translations Enoch chapters 1, 2, book names in essays, 5—16, 22, and From this a German translation was made by Rink in Oxford, Revised editions appeared in, and InLaurence also released the first Ethiopic text of 1 Enoch published in the West, under the title: Libri Enoch Prophetae Versio Aethiopica, book names in essays.
The text, divided into chapters, was soon considered unreliable as it was the transcription of a single Ethiopic manuscript. InProfessor Andreas Gottlieb Hoffmann of the University of Jena released a German translation, book names in essays, based on Laurence's work, called Das Buch Henoch in vollständiger Uebersetzung, mit fortlaufendem Kommentar, ausführlicher Einleitung und erläuternden Excursen. Two other translations came out around the same time: one in called Enoch Restitutus, or an Attempt Rev.
Edward Murray and one in called Prophetae veteres Pseudepigraphi, partim ex Abyssinico vel Hebraico sermonibus Latine book names in essays A, book names in essays.
However, both are considered to be poor—the translation most of all—and is discussed in Hoffmann. The first critical edition, based on five manuscripts, appeared in as Liber Henoch, book names in essays, Aethiopice, ad quinque codicum fidem editus, cum variis lectionibusby August Dillmann.
It was followed in by a German translation of the book by the same author with commentary titled Book names in essays Buch Henoch, übersetzt und erklärt. It was considered the standard edition of 1 Enoch until the work of Charles. The generation of Enoch scholarship from to World War I was dominated by Robert Henry Charles. His translation and commentary of the Ethiopic text already represented an important advancement, book names in essays, as it was based on ten additional manuscripts.
In R. Charles published a new critical edition of the Ethiopic text, using 23 Ethiopic manuscripts and all available sources at his time. The English translation of the reconstructed text appeared inand the same year in his collection of The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of book names in essays Old Testament.
The publication, in the early s, of the first Aramaic fragments of 1 Enoch among the Dead Sea Scrolls profoundly changed the study of the document, as it provided evidence of its antiquity and original text. The official edition of all Enoch fragments appeared inby Jozef Milik. The renewed interest in 1 Enoch spawned a number of other translations: in Hebrew A.
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, time: 7:11Book of Enoch - Wikipedia
Sad as it was, I liked it more than “The While Album.” This book is about all things California. Well, all things related to the Beautiful People in California in the s and s. Didion knew many of these people and spoke of them as you and I would speak of the names of Uchronia: The Alternate History List is a bibliography of more than novels, stories, essays, collections, and other printed material involving the "what ifs" of history. The genre has a variety of names, but it is best known as alternate history. In an alternate history, one or more past events are changed and the subsequent effects on history somehow described The B&N Podcast: Ann Napolitano on our January Book Club Selection Posted by The Barnes and Noble Review × A boy's improbable survival is just the beginning of
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