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Mara Salvatruchacommonly known as MSis an international criminal gang that originated in Los AngelesCalifornia, in the s and s. Originally, the gang was set up to protect Salvadoran immigrants from other gangs in the Los Angeles area.
Over time, the gang grew into a more traditional criminal organization. MS is defined by its cruelty, and its rivalry with the 18th Street gang. Many MS members were deported to El Salvador after the close of the Salvadoran Civil War inor upon being arrested, facilitating the spread of the gang to Central America.
The gang is currently active in many parts of the gangs of new york essay United States, Canada, Mexico, and Central America. Most members are Central AmericanSalvadorans in particular. As an international gang, its history is closely tied to United States—El Salvador relations.
The gang is often referenced by the United States' Republican Party to advocate for stricter immigration policies. There is some dispute about the etymology of the name. Some sources state the gang is named for La Mara, a street in San Salvadorand the Salvatrucha guerrillas who fought in the Salvadoran Civil War. The term "Salvatruchas" has been explained as a reference to Salvadorian peasants trained to become guerrilla fighters, referred to as the " Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front.
Central Americans are the primary targets of violence and threats of violence by MS Many school districts receiving Central American migrants were reluctant to admit unaccompanied teenagers when they arrived from Central America, which left them at home and vulnerable to gang recruitment. In El Salvador, children are recruited while traveling to school, church, or work.
Youth gangs of new york essay are arrested for whatever reason are usually impressed into some gang or another during incarceration. Aspirants are beaten for 13 seconds as an initiation to join the gang, a ritual known as a "beat-in".
MS is often public in its violence. Infanticide and femicide are common, with El Salvador hosting the third-highest femicide rate in the world. Inone in 5, Salvadoran women were killed.
Legal impunity is a key factor. Entire families will be wiped out in a single attack, regardless of age. Buses full of passengers from the wrong parts of town will be burned in broad daylight, passengers still aboard.
Attacks like these have led the Supreme Court of El Salvador to authorize the classification of gangs as terrorist organizations. This cruelty of the distinguished members of the " Maras " or "Mareros" resulted in some being recruited by the Sinaloa Cartel battling against Los Zetas in an ongoing drug war in Mexico.
Their weapon of choice is a machete. We end up seeing people with injuries that I've never seen before. You know, limbs hacked off. And that's what the bodies look like that we're recovering. So they're brutal. They're ruthless, and we're gonna be relentless in our attacks against them.
Many Mara Salvatrucha members cover themselves in tattoos, including the face. Common markings include "MS", "Salvatrucha", the "Devil Horns", and the name of their clique. Members of Mara Salvatrucha, gangs of new york essay, like those of most modern American gangs, utilize a system of hand signs for purposes of identification and communication.
One of the most commonly displayed is the " devil's head " which forms an 'M' when displayed upside down. This hand sign is similar to the symbol commonly displayed by heavy metal musicians and their fans. Founders of Mara Salvatrucha adopted the hand sign after attending concerts of heavy metal bands. MS gangs in the United States are loosely affiliated with one another and their specific gangs of new york essay are primarily determined by local circumstances.
According to the National Gang Threat Assessment, "The gang is estimated to have 30, to 50, members and associate members worldwide, 8, to 10, of whom reside in the United States.
In Central America, the gang is strongest in the Northern Triangle countries: El SalvadorHondurasand Guatemala. In earlythe district attorney for Nassau County, New Yorkstated that an investigation had "uncovered a structured gangs of new york essay of MS operations in New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, Texas, from within a Mississippi prison cell, and in countries around the globe including Mexico, Colombia, Korea, France, Australia, Peru, Egypt, Ecuador and Cuba.
In El Salvador, it is estimated that MS and the Eighteenth Street Gang employ some 60, between them, gangs of new york essay, making them the largest employers in the country. The Mara Salvatrucha gang originated in Los Angeles, set up in the s [37] [38] by Salvadoran immigrants in the city's Pico-Union neighborhood who immigrated to the United States after the Central American civil wars of the s, gangs of new york essay.
and instead classified as undocumented immigrants. As such, Salvadorans began to immigrate without documents in increasing numbers. They mostly settled in cities with large undocumented populations, gangs of new york essay, like Los Angeles. Salvadoran asylum claims were neglected until the case American Baptist Churches v. The case's settlement agreement required Guatemalan and Salvadoran asylum claims to be reevaluated, as long as they had entered the U.
by By this point, the Civil War was already drawing to a close after more than a decade of fighting. Before ABC v. Thornburg and even after, Salvadoran immigrants were left highly vulnerable to exploitation.
In the very beginning, MS was a group of young, delinquent, heavy metal fans who lived in Los Angeles. However, the undocumented community in Los Angeles was subject to severe racial prejudices and persecution. Under these conditions, MS began to mutate into a gang, gangs of new york essay. Originally, the gang's main purpose was to protect Salvadoran immigrants from the other, more established gangs of Los Angeles, who were predominantly composed of Mexicans, gangs of new york essay, Asians, and African-Americans.
Deras was a former member of Salvadoran special forces, trained in Panama by United States Green Berets. On gaining leadership of an MS clique inhe used his military training to discipline the gang and improve its logistical operations. It was after this point that the gang began to grow in power. MS's rivalry with the 18th Street Gang also began in this period. MS and 18th Street were initially friendly, since they were some of the only gangs to allow Salvadorans to join.
What exactly caused their alliance to fall apart is uncertain. Most versions point to a fight over a girl in In the incident, an MS gangster was killed, which led to a cycle of vengeance that has escalated into an intense and generalized animosity between the two gangs.
Many Mara Salvatrucha gang members from the Los Angeles area have been deported after being arrested. Large-scale deportations began shortly after the close of the Salvadoran Civil War in The war had lasted for more than 12 years and included the deliberate terrorizing and targeting of civilians by US-trained government death squads including the targeting of prominent clergy from the Catholic Church.
The war also saw the recruitment of child soldiers and other human rights violations, mostly by the military, [46] which left the country susceptible to gang infiltration. As a part of the Chapultepec Peace Accordsthe post-war Salvadoran government was required to stop using the standing army as a police force and form a new national police service.
However, the ruling political party, ARENAwas a descendant of the wartime military government. To favor military allies, it delayed the formation of the Policía Nacional Civil.
When the PNC was finally organizedparts of the police force were created by integrating the armed forces. Some of the members of the nascent police force were known war criminals. The lack of a proper police force meant that deported gangsters faced little opposition when establishing MS in El Salvador.
To compound the issue, the post-war period was marked by the existence of a large number of uncontrolled arms left over from the conflict, which allowed MS to become a significant arms trafficker. This remains one of its primary revenue sources today, alongside extortion and assassination. Gang violence in El Salvador peaked in the s, then declined in the early s.
Even so, they became a key part of political discourse. ARENA presidencies implemented the Mano Dura and Super Mano Dura policies to combat gangs. External observers and gangsters themselves believe these policies increased the power of gangs in El Salvador. The Mano Dura policies were followed by a truce between MS and their perpetual rivals, the 18th Street Gang. Under the direction of the president Mauricio Funesthe first Salvadoran President representing the FMLN party, government and gang representatives gangs of new york essay unofficially.
The terms required gangs to lower the homicide rate in exchange for transfers to lower security prisons. In addition, gangs would receive benefits from the government for every firearm they surrendered. While homicides fell during the truce, gangs no longer had to worry as much about turf wars. Instead, they focused on recruitment, organization, and extortion. The truce did not protect most Salvadorans from extortion. This, along with reports of government leniency towards imprisoned gangsters, led to the truce being highly unpopular and controversial.
Funes's successor as the FMLN presidential candidate, Salvador Sánchez Ceréncampaigned on returning to a tough approach on gangs. After Sánchez Cerén took the Presidency inthe truce was understood to be over. Since the gang truce ended, the number of extrajudicial killings by police forces has grown dramatically.
When the truce ended, the gangs had built up their forces significantly. As such, the truce breakdown saw a return to record levels of violence, with the gangs being much stronger and better organized than before, gangs of new york essay.
InEl Salvador had the highest national homicide rate per capita in gangs of new york essay world, largely due to escalating violence between MS and the 18th Street Gang. Participants in the original truce negotiations have since been prosecuted. The trials revealed significant corruption, such as government negotiators encouraging gangs to increase the homicide rate to keep everyone at the negotiating table.
Opposition to MS in the U. has taken varied forms. Ingangs of new york essay FBI created the MS National Gang Task Force.
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